Bridger Guide » Montana

Trees and bushes in foreground, mountains in background, “In Glacier National Park,” Montana.

admin — Sat, 19 May 2012 22:51:32 +0000

Check out these Glacier National Park images:

Trees and bushes in foreground, mountains in background, “In Glacier National Park,” Montana.

Image by The U.S. National Archives
Original Caption: Trees and bushes in foreground, mountains in background, "In Glacier National Park," Montana.

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 79-AAE-4

From: Series: Ansel Adams Photographs of National Parks and Monuments, compiled 1941 – 1942, documenting the period ca. 1933 – 1942

Created By: Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Branch of Still and Motion Pictures.

Photographer: Adams, Ansel, 1902-1984

Coverage Dates: 1933-1942

Subjects: Parks, Monuments

Persistent URL: arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=519859

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Dark foreground and clouds, mountains highlighted, “Heaven’s Peak,” Glacier National Park, Montana.

Image by The U.S. National Archives
Original Caption: Dark foreground and clouds, mountains highlighted, "Heaven’s Peak," Glacier National Park, Montana.

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 79-AAE-17

From: Series: Ansel Adams Photographs of National Parks and Monuments, compiled 1941 – 1942, documenting the period ca. 1933 – 1942

Created By: Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Branch of Still and Motion Pictures.

Photographer: Adams, Ansel, 1902-1984

Coverage Dates: 1933-1942

Subjects: Parks, Monuments

Persistent URL: arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=519871

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Full view of snow covered mountain, including area below timberline, “In Glacier National Park,” Montana. (Vertical Orientation)

Image by The U.S. National Archives
Original Caption: Full view of snow covered mountain, including area below timberline, "In Glacier National Park," Montana. (Vertical Orientation)

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 79-AAE-18

From: Series: Ansel Adams Photographs of National Parks and Monuments, compiled 1941 – 1942, documenting the period ca. 1933 – 1942

Created By: Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Branch of Still and Motion Pictures.

Photographer: Adams, Ansel, 1902-1984

Coverage Dates: 1933-1942

Subjects: Parks, Monuments

Persistent URL: arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=519872

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Nice Skiing In Montana photos

admin — Tue, 15 May 2012 22:51:10 +0000

Check out these Skiing In Montana images:

Polson, Jul 2010 – 32

Image by Ed Yourdon
This is one of roughly a dozen non-HDR shots that I took while enjoying a sunset cruise out into the southern part of Flathead Lake. It was taken as the boat headed south, back to the dock, with the Mission Mountains in the background.

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After a 1993 summer vacation in Crested Butte and Ouray, (pictures of which are in this Flickr set, I decided that while the scenery was spectacular, Colorado was too crowded and over-run by tourists, visitors, and owners of summer/retirement/ski homes. So I looked elsewhere in the summer of 1994, and was intrigued by a large patch of blue when I looked at a map of Montana. It turned out to be Flathead Lake — the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River — and it provided the inspiration for spending a week in the tiny little town of Polson, on the southern shore of the lake.

In 1996 and 1997, I spent two full summers in Polson, and grew quite attached to the town and its surrounding mountains, rivers, and lake — photos of which you can see here and here. You might also be interested in some of my observations about life in Polson and Montana, which I wrote about in blogs titled The Polson Parade, and Leaving Montana. But then life changed, other things intervened, and I drifted away from Montana altogether.

In the summer of 2010, I had a chance to re-visit Polson, and spend three short days driving around to re-acquaint myself with the area. It’s been over a dozen years, so I was expecting some changes … but in general, the town of about 5,000 people was pretty much the same. My favorite restaurant had closed down, a Mailboxes Etc outlet had been replaced by a video-rental outlet, and the local McDonald’s outlet was no longer posting posting all of the bounced checks from desperate customers on its wall (hey, you’ve got to be desperate if you order a Big Mac with fries, and pay with a check that bounces!). It looked like some of the local ranchers and farmers had sold off some of their acreage, for there were a few new "vacation communities" filling up what had been open meadows and pasture just outside of town.

But the lake had not changed at all, and the Mission Mountains along the eastern shore of the lake were as pretty as ever. Just for the heck of it, I got up at 5 AM one morning, and photographed the pre-dawn stillness on the lake, and then the changing colors of clouds above the lake as the sun slowly rose up to peek over the top of the mountains. Unfortunately, I didn’t have time to drive down to the Kerr Dam, and I didn’t drive all the way around the north end of the lake: I only made it up to Big Fork on the eastern side, and LakeSide on the western side of the lake. I was going to take the half-day white-water rafting trip down the Flathead River, south of the dam, but there wasn’t time for that, either … Nor was there any time for fishing, or even to rent a jet-ski and zoom around on the broad expanse of water in Polson Bay, at the south end of the lake.

So maybe there will be ample cause to go back to Polson once again, either next year or the year after. But for now, I’ve got a visual record of the sights and scenes that I saw on this trip. Roughly half of the photos are 5-image handheld HDR composites, and the other half are more traditional digital images, taken during a sunset boat cruise out on the lake.

Enjoy …

Polson, Jul 2010 – 18

Image by Ed Yourdon
After a 1993 summer vacation in Crested Butte and Ouray, (pictures of which are in this Flickr set), I decided that while the scenery was spectacular, Colorado was too crowded and over-run by tourists, visitors, and owners of summer/retirement/ski homes. So I looked elsewhere in the summer of 1994, and was intrigued by a large patch of blue when I looked at a map of Montana. It turned out to be Flathead Lake — the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River — and it provided the inspiration for spending a week in the tiny little town of Polson, on the southern shore of the lake.

In the summer of 2010, I had a chance to re-visit Polson, and spend three short days driving around to re-acquaint myself with the area. It’s been over a dozen years, so I was expecting some changes … but in general, the town of about 5,000 people was pretty much the same. My favorite restaurant had closed down, a Mailboxes Etc outlet had been replaced by a video-rental outlet, and the local McDonald’s outlet was no longer posting all of the bounced checks from desperate customers on its wall (hey, you’ve got to be desperate if you order a Big Mac with fries, and pay with a check that bounces!). It looked like some of the local ranchers and farmers had sold off some of their acreage, for there were a few new "vacation communities" filling up what had been open meadows and pasture just outside of town.

Enjoy …

Polson, Jul 2010 – 27

Image by Ed Yourdon
This is one of roughly a dozen non-HDR shots that I took while enjoying a sunset cruise out into the southern part of Flathead Lake. The angled tree is on a small island near the north end of Polson Bay, beyond which (i.e., further to the north) lies the main part of Lake Flathead.

****************

Enjoy …

Nice Skiing In Montana photos

admin — Fri, 11 May 2012 22:51:04 +0000

A few nice Skiing In Montana images I found:

Polson, Jul 2010 – 48

Image by Ed Yourdon
(more details later, as time permits)

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Enjoy …

Polson, Jul 2010 – 21

Image by Ed Yourdon
(more details later, as time permits)

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Enjoy …

Polson, Jul 2010 – 46

Image by Ed Yourdon
(more details later, as time permits)

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Enjoy …

Beautiful Hiking In Montana images

admin — Thu, 10 May 2012 22:50:53 +0000

Some cool Hiking In Montana images:

Chocolate Lily Flower, Fritillaria biflora, Scenes from a docent-led walk, Montana de Oro, “Round Trip to Hazard Peak”

Image by mikebaird
Chocolate Lily Flower, Fritillaria biflora, Scenes from a docent-led walk, Montana de Oro, "Round Trip to Hazard Peak," Norma Wightman and Alice Cahill, Tues. 31 March 2009. ccnha.org/naturewalks.html says Round Trip to Hazard Peak View sand dunes, uplifted terraces and stream-cut valleys. Examine shale outcrops to learn of the geological past of the park. Explore the coastal scrub community, spot creatures that make their home there and view seasonal flowers. Meet in Montaña de Oro State Park at the ridge trailhead, 2.3 miles from the park entrance. (*A) 5 mi., 3.5 hr. Snapshots by Michael "Mike" L. Baird, mike at mikebaird d o t com, flickr.bairdphotos.com, Nikon P6000, handheld.

Ousel Falls

Image by Perosha
Photo from the Ousel Falls hiking trail in Big Sky, Montana.

Beautiful Fishing In Montana images

admin — Sun, 06 May 2012 22:51:31 +0000

A few nice Fishing In Montana images I found:

Machapuchare 6997m … another point of view

Image by twiga269 ॐ FreeTIBET
Fish Tail Mountain is revered by the local population as particularly sacred to the god Shiva, and hence is off limits to climbing.
Machapuchare has never been climbed to its summit. The only attempt was in 1957, since then, the mountain has been declared sacred, and it is now forbidden to climbers.

Trek around Annapurnas & Annapurna Base Camp, Nepal.

fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machapuchare
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machapuchare

Kindly scanned by my Father with "Nikon COOLSCAN V – ED"

Going to the Sun U-Valley B&W

Image by Ken Lund
Going to the Sun Road, Glacier National Park.

Glacier National Park is located in the U.S. state of Montana, bordering the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Glacier National Park contains two mountain ranges, sometimes referred to as the southern extension of the Canadian Rockies mountain ranges, with over 130 named lakes, more than 1,000 different species of plants and hundreds of species of animals. This vast pristine ecosystem, spread across 1,584 mi² (4,101 km²), is the centerpiece of what has been referred to as the "Crown of the Continent Ecosystem", a region of protected land encompassing 16,000 mi² (44,000 km²).[1] The famed Going-to-the-Sun Road, a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, traverses through the heart of the park and crosses the Continental Divide, allowing visitors breathtaking views of the rugged Lewis and Livingston mountain ranges, as well as dense forests, alpine tundra, waterfalls and two large lakes. Along with the Going-to-the-Sun Road, five historic hotels and chalets are listed as National Historic Landmarks, and a total of 350 locations are on the National Register of Historic Places.

Glacier National Park borders Waterton Lakes National Park in Canada—the two parks are known as the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, and were designated as the world’s first International Peace Park in 1932. Both parks were designated by the United Nations as Biosphere Reserves in 1976, and in 1995 as World Heritage sites.[2]

The earliest occupants with lineage to current tribes were the Salish, Flathead, Shoshone and Cheyenne. The Blackfeet arrived around the beginning of the 18th century and soon dominated the eastern slopes of what later became the park, as well as the Great Plains immediately to the east. The park region provided the Blackfeet shelter from the harsh winter winds of the plains, and supplemented their traditional bison hunts with other game meat. Today, the Blackfeet Indian Reservation borders the park in the east, while the Flathead Indian Reservation is located west and south of the park. When the Blackfeet Reservation was first established in 1855 by the Lame Bull Treaty, it included the eastern area of the current park up to the Continental Divide.[4] To the Blackfeet, the mountains of this area, especially Chief Mountain and the region in the southeast at Two Medicine, were considered the "Backbone of the World" and were frequented during vision quests. In 1895, Chief White Calf of the Blackfeet authorized the sale of the mountain area, some 800,000 acres (3,200 km²), to the U.S. government for .5 million. This established the current boundary between the park and the reservation.

While exploring the Marias River in 1806, the Lewis and Clark Expedition came within 50 miles (80 km) of the area that is now the park. A series of explorations after 1850 helped to shape the understanding of the area that later became the park. George Bird Grinnell came to the region in the late 1880s and was so inspired by the scenery that he spent the next two decades working to establish a national park. In 1901, Grinnell wrote a description of the region, in which he referred to it as the "Crown of the Continent", and his efforts to protect the land make him the premier contributor to this cause.[2] A few years after Grinnell first visited, Henry L. Stimson and two companions, including a Blackfeet Indian, climbed the steep east face of Chief Mountain in 1892.

In 1891, the Great Northern Railway crossed the Continental Divide at Marias Pass (5,213 ft/1,589 m), which is along the southern boundary of the park. In an effort to stimulate use of the railroad, the Great Northern soon advertised the splendors of the region to the public. The company lobbied the United States Congress, and in 1900, the park was designated as a forest preserve. Under the forest designation mining was still allowed, but was not commercially successful. Meanwhile, proponents of protecting the region kept up their efforts, and in 1910, under the influence of George Bird Grinnell, Henry L. Stimson and the railroad, a bill was introduced into the U.S. Congress which redesignated the region from a forest reserve to a national park. This bill was signed into law by President William Howard Taft on May 11, 1910. From May until August, the forest reserve supervisor, Fremont Nathan Haines, managed the Park’s resources as the first acting superintendent. In August of 1910, William Logan was appointed the Park’s first superintendent.

The Great Northern Railway, under the supervision of president Louis W. Hill, built a number of hotels and chalets throughout the park in the 1910s to promote tourism. These buildings, constructed and operated by a Great Northern subsidiary called the Glacier Park Company, were modeled on Swiss architecture as part of Hill’s plan to portray Glacier as "America’s Switzerland". Vacationers commonly took pack trips on horseback between the lodges or utilized the seasonal stagecoach routes to gain access to the Many Glacier area in the northeast.[5]

The chalets, built between 1910 and 1913, included Belton, St. Mary, Going-to-the-Sun, Many Glacier, Two Medicine, Sperry, Granite Park, Cut Bank, and Gunsight Lake. The railway also built Glacier Park Lodge, adjacent to the park on its east side, and the Many Glacier Hotel on the east shore of Swiftcurrent Lake. Louis Hill personally selected the sites for all of these buildings, choosing each for their dramatic scenic backdrops and views. Another developer, John Lewis, built the Lewis Glacier Hotel on Lake McDonald in 1913–1914. The Great Northern Railway bought the hotel in 1930, and it was later renamed Lake McDonald Lodge. Some of the chalets were in remote backcountry locations accessible only by trail. Today, only Sperry, Granite Park, and Belton Chalets are still in operation, while a building formerly belonging to Two Medicine Chalet is now Two Medicine Store.[6] The surviving chalet and hotel buildings within the park are now designated as National Historic Landmarks.[7] In total, 350 buildings and structures within the park are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including ranger stations, backcountry patrol cabins, fire lookouts, and concession facilities.

After the park was well established and visitors began to rely more on automobiles, work was begun on the 53 mile (85 km) long Going-to-the-Sun Road, completed in 1932. Also known simply as the Sun Road, the road bisects the park and is the only route that ventures deep into the park, going over the Continental Divide at Logan Pass (6,646 feet, 2025 m) at the midway point. The Sun Road is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 1985 was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.[8] Another route, along the southern boundary between the park and National Forests is U.S. Route 2, which crosses the Continental Divide at Marias Pass and connects the towns of West Glacier and East Glacier. During the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps assisted in the development of many of the park’s trails and campgrounds. The increase in motor vehicle traffic through the park during the 1930s also resulted in the construction of new concession facilities at Swiftcurrent and Rising Sun, both designed for automobile-based tourism. These early "auto camps" are now also listed on the National Register.[9]

In 2003, wildfires on the western side of the Continental Divide burned 10% of Glacier National Park. There were also extensive fires in the surrounding forests.

Glacier National Park is managed by the National Park Service; park headquarters is in West Glacier, Montana. The National Park Service has the smallest staff of any major federal agency, yet oversees over 84 million acres (340,000 km²).[10] Visitation to Glacier National Park averages slightly less than 2 million visitors annually, however a relative few venture far from main roadways and hotels.

Glacier National Park had an operating budget of ,885,000 for fiscal year 2006. Most of this budget was used to provide a minimal number of staff and to make minor improvements to structures and roadways in immediate need of repair. More than 60% of the employees are employed for only a few months per year during the summer. Only 20% of the park’s annual funding comes from entrance and campground fees. The remaining funding comes from federal tax dollars, grants and donations. According to reports presented to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1999, the cost of deferred maintenance, not including repairs to roads and hotels, was million. Restoring the five hotels in the park by bringing them up to the current fire codes and performing stabilization work, would cost another 0–135 million.

The mandate of the National Park Service is to ‘…preserve and protect natural and cultural resources’. The Organic Act of August 25, 1916, established the National Park Service as a federal agency. One major section of the Act has often been summarized as the "Mission", "…to promote and regulate the use of the…national parks…which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."[11] In keeping with this mandate, hunting is illegal in the park, as are mining, logging and removal of natural or cultural resources. Additionally, oil and gas exploration and extraction are not permitted. In 1974, a wilderness study was submitted to congress which identified 95% of the area of the park as qualifying for wilderness designation. Unlike a few other parks, Glacier National Park has yet to be protected as wilderness, but National Park Service policy requires that identified areas listed in the report be managed as wilderness until Congress renders a full decision."[12]

In anticipation of the 100th anniversary of the park in 2010, major reconstruction of the Going-to-the-Sun Road is underway, and temporary road closures are expected in the 2007 season. Some rehabilitation of major structures such as visitor centers and historic hotels, as well as improvements in wastewater treatment facilities and campgrounds, are expected to be completed by the anniversary date. Also planned are fishery studies for Lake McDonald, updates of the historical archives and restoration of trails.

The park is bordered on the north by Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, and the Flathead Provincial Forest and Akamina-Kishinena Provincial Park in British Columbia. To the west, the north fork of the Flathead River forms the western boundary, while its middle fork is part of the southern boundary. The Blackfeet Indian Reservation provides most of the eastern boundary, and the Lewis and Clark and the Flathead National Forests form the southern and western boundary. The remote Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex is located in the two forests immediately to the south.

The park contains a dozen large lakes and 700 smaller ones, but only 131 lakes have been named. Lake McDonald, St. Mary Lake, Bowman Lake and Kintla Lake are the four largest lakes. Numerous smaller lakes, known as tarns, are located in cirques formed by glacial erosion. Some of these lakes, like Avalanche Lake and Cracker Lake, are colored an opaque turquoise by suspended glacial silt, which also causes a number of streams to run milky white. The lakes of Glacier National Park remain cold year round, with temperatures rarely above 50 °F (10 °C) at their surface. Cold water lakes such as these support little plankton growth, ensuring that the lake waters are remarkably clear. The lack of plankton, however, lowers the rate of pollution filtration, and pollutants have a tendency to linger longer. Consequently, the lakes are considered environmental bellwethers as they can be quickly affected by even minor increases in pollutants.[13]

Two hundred waterfalls are scattered throughout the park, however, during dryer times of the year, many of these are reduced to a trickle. The largest falls include those in the Two Medicine region, McDonald Falls in the McDonald Valley and Swiftcurrent Falls in the Many Glacier area, which is easily observable and close to the Many Glacier Hotel. One of the tallest waterfalls is Bird Woman Falls, which drops 492 feet (150 m) from a hanging valley beneath the north slope of Mount Oberlin.[14] Bird Woman Falls can be easily seen from the Going-to-the-Sun Road.

The rocks found in the park are primarily sedimentary in origin, having been laid down in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the formation of the Rocky Mountains the Lewis Overthrust, commencing 170 million years ago, moved an enormous region of rocks three miles (4.8 km) thick and 160 miles (257 km) long, eastward more than 50 miles (80 km).[15] This resulted in older rocks being displaced over newer ones, and today the overlying Proterozoic rocks are over 1.4 billion years older than the underlying Cretaceous age rocks.

One of the most dramatic evidences of this overthrust is visible in the form of Chief Mountain, an isolated peak on the edge of the eastern boundary of the park rising 4,500 feet (1,372 m) above the Great Plains. There are seven mountains in the park over 10,000 feet (3,048 m) in elevation, with Mount Cleveland at 10,466 feet (3,190 m) being the tallest. Appropriately named Triple Divide Peak sends waters towards the Pacific Ocean, Hudson Bay, and Gulf of Mexico watersheds, and can effectively be considered to the be the apex of the North American continent, although the mountain is only 8,020 feet (2,444 m) above sea level.

The rocks in Glacier National Park are the best preserved Proterozoic sedimentary rocks in the world, and have proved to be some of the world’s most fruitful sources for records of early life. Sedimentary rocks of similar age located in other regions have been greatly altered by mountain building and other metamorphic changes, and consequently fossils are less common and more difficult to observe. The rocks in the park preserve such features as millimeter-scale lamination, ripple marks, mud cracks, salt-crystal casts, raindrop impressions, oolites and other sedimentary bedding characteristics. Six fossilized species of Stromatolites, which were early organisms consisting primarily blue-green algae, have been documented and dated at about 1 billion years.[16] The discovery of the Appekunny Formation, a well preserved rock stratum in the park, pushed back the established date for the origination of animal life a full billion years. This rock formation has bedding structures which are believed to be the remains of the earliest identified metazoan (animal) life on Earth.[17]

Glacier National Park is dominated by mountains which were carved into their present shapes by the huge glaciers of the last ice age; these glaciers have largely disappeared over the 15,000 years. Evidence of widespread glacial action is found throughout the park in the form of U-shaped valleys, glacial cirques, arêtes and large outflow lakes radiating like fingers from the base of the highest peaks. Since the end of the ice ages, various warming and cooling trends have occurred. The last recent cooling trend was during the Little Ice Age which took place approximately between 1550 and 1850.[18] During the Little Ice Age, the glaciers in the park expanded and advanced, although to nowhere near as great an extent as they had during the Ice Age. Coincidentally, the park region was first explored in detail near the end of the Little Ice Age and a systematized survey began in which the number and size of glaciers was documented on maps and by photographic evidence. Much of this late 19th century work, however, was undertaken to lure tourism into the region or to search for mineral wealth, not out of a particular desire to document glaciers.

During the middle of the 20th century, examination of the maps and photographs from the previous century provided clear evidence that the 150 glaciers known to have existed in the park a hundred years earlier had greatly retreated, and in many cases disappeared altogether.[19] Repeat photography of the glaciers, such as the pictures taken of Grinnell Glacier between 1938 and 2005 as shown, help to provide visual confirmation of the extent of glacier retreat.

In the 1980s, the U.S. Geological Survey began a more systematic study of the remaining glaciers, which continues to the present day. By 2005, only 27 glaciers remained, and scientists generally agree that if the current greenhouse warming continues, all the glaciers in the park will be gone by 2030.[19] This glacier retreat follows a worldwide pattern that has accelerated even more since 1980. The extensive glacier retreat that has been observed in Glacier National Park, as well as in other regions worldwide, is a key indicator of climatic changes on a worldwide scale. Without a major climatic change in which cooler and moister weather returns and persists, the mass balance (accumulation rate versus melting rate) of glaciers will continue to be negative and the glaciers will eventually disappear, leaving behind only barren rock.[19]

After the end of the Little Ice Age in 1850, the glaciers in the park retreated moderately until the 1910s. Between 1917 and 1926, the retreat rate rose rapidly and continued to accelerate through the 1930s. A slight cooling trend from the 1940s until 1979, helped to slow the rate of retreat and in a few examples some glaciers even advanced a few tens of meters. However, during the 1980s, the glaciers in the park began a steady period of loss of glacial ice, which continues into the 2000s. In 1850, the glaciers in the region near Blackfoot and Jackson Glaciers covered 5,337 acres (21.6 km²), but by 1979, the same region of the park had glacier ice covering only 1,828 acres (7.4 km²). Between 1850 and 1979, 73 percent of the glacial ice had melted away.[20] At the time the park was created, Jackson Glacier was part of Blackfoot Glacier, but the two separated into different glaciers by 1939.

The impact of glacier retreat on the park’s ecosystems is not fully known, but cold water dependent plant and animal species could suffer due to a loss of habitat. Reduced seasonal melting of glacial ice may also affect stream flow during the dry summer and fall seasons, reducing water table levels and increasing the risk of forest fires. The loss of glaciers will also reduce the aesthetic visual appeal that glaciers provide to visitors.[21]

Many areas are only accessible during the summer, and possibly the late spring and early fall, depending on snowfall and elevation. Rainfall is frequent in the tourist season during the summer and may persist for days, averaging two to three inches (5–7.6 cm) each month. Snowfall can occur at any time of the year, even in the summer, and especially at higher altitudes. Visiting in the early summer is a way to avoid some but not all of the wet weather. In the spring, however, the nights and early mornings will be substantially cooler, and high-elevation trails, including the popular Hidden Lake Trail at Logan Pass, may still be snow covered. Thunderstorms are common all summer, and normal safety precautions for lightning and hail should be taken. The mountainous terrain ensures that tornadoes are very rare. The winter can bring prolonged cold waves, especially on the eastern side of the Continental Divide. Snowfalls are significant over the course of the winter, with the largest accumulation occurring in the west. During the tourist season daytime high temperatures average in the 60s and 70s °F (15 to 25 °C), and nighttime lows usually drop into the 40s (7 °C). Temperatures in the high country may be much cooler. In the lower valleys, on the other hand, daytime highs over 90 °F (32 °C) are not unusual.[22]

Rapid temperature changes have been noted in the region, and in Browning, Montana, which is just east of the park in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, a world record temperature drop of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (56 °C) in only 24 hours occurred on the night of January 23–24, 1916, when thermometers plunged from 44 °F to -56 °F (7 to -49 °C).[23]

Glacier National Park has a highly regarded global climate change research program. Based in West Glacier, with its main headquarters in Bozeman, Montana, the U.S. Geological Survey has performed scientific research on specific climate change studies since 1992. In addition to the study of the retreating glaciers, research performed includes forest modeling studies in which fire ecology and habitat alterations are analyzed. Additionally, changes in alpine vegetation patterns are documented, watershed studies in which stream flow rates and temperatures are recorded frequently at fixed gauging stations, and atmospheric research in which UV-B radiation, ozone and other atmospheric gases are analyzed over time. The research compiled all contribute to a broader understanding of climate changes in the park. The data collected, when compared to other facilities scattered around the world, help to correlate these climatic changes on a global scale.[24]

Glacier is considered to have excellent air and water quality. No major areas of dense human population exist anywhere near the region and industrial effects are minimized due to a scarcity of factories and other potential contributors of pollutants. However, the sterile and cold lakes found throughout the park are easily contaminated by airborne pollutants that fall whenever it rains or snows, and some evidence of these pollutants have been found in park waters. The pollution level is currently viewed as negligible, and the park lakes and waterways have a water quality rating of A-1, the highest rating given by the state of Montana.[25]

Glacier is part of a large preserved ecosystem collectively known as the "Crown of the Continent Ecosystem", all of which is primarily untouched wilderness of a pristine quality. Virtually all the plants and animals which existed at the time white explorers first entered the region are present in the park today.[26]

A total of over 1,132 plant species have been identified parkwide. The predominantly coniferous forest is home to various species of trees such as the Engelmann spruce, Douglas fir, subalpine fir, limber pine and western larch, which is a deciduous conifer, producing cones but losing its needles each fall. Cottonwood and aspen are the more common deciduous trees and are found at lower elevations, usually along lakes and streams. The timberline on the eastern side of the park is almost 800 feet (244 m) lower than on the western side of the Continental Divide, due to exposure to the colder winds and weather of the Great Plains. West of the Continental Divide, the forest receives more moisture and is more protected from the winter, resulting in a more densely populated forest with taller trees. Above the forested valleys and mountain slopes, alpine tundra conditions prevail, with grasses and small plants eking out an existence in a region that enjoys as little as three months without snow cover. Thirty species of plants are found only in the park and surrounding National Forests. Beargrass, a tall flowering plant, is commonly found near moisture sources, and is relatively widespread during July and August. Wildflowers such as monkeyflower, glacier lily, fireweed, balsamroot and Indian paintbrush are also common.[27]

The forested sections fall into three major climatic zones. The west and northwest are dominated by spruce and fir and the southwest by redcedar and hemlock; the areas east of the Continental Divide are a combination of mixed pine, spruce, fir and prairie zones. The cedar-hemlock groves along the Lake McDonald valley are the easternmost examples of this Pacific climatic ecosystem.[28]

Whitebark pine communities have been heavily damaged due to the effects of blister rust, a non native fungus. In Glacier and the surrounding region, 30% of the Whitebark pine trees have died and over 70% of the remaining trees are currently infected. The Whitebark pine provides a high fat pine cone seed, commonly know as the pine nut, that is a favorite food of red squirrels and Clark’s nutcracker. Both grizzlies and black bears are known to raid squirrel caches of the pine nuts, and it is one of the bears’ favorite foods. Between 1930 and 1970, efforts to control the spread of blister rust were unsuccessful, and continued destruction of whitebark pines appears likely, with attendant negative impacts on dependent species.[29]

Virtually all the historically known plant and animal species, with the exception of the bison and woodland caribou, are present, providing biologists an intact ecosystem for plant and animal research. Two threatened species of mammals, the grizzly bear and the Canadian lynx, are found in the park. Although their numbers remain at historical levels, both are listed as threatened because in virtually every other region of the U.S. outside of Alaska, they are either extremely rare or absent from their historical range. On average, one or two bear attacks on humans occur each year; since the creation of the park in 1910, there have been a total of 10 bear related deaths.[30] The number of grizzlies and lynx in the park is not known for certain, but park biologists believe that there are slightly less than 350 grizzlies parkwide, and a study commenced in 2001 hoped to determine the number of lynx in the park.[31] Another study has indicated that the wolverine, another very very rare mammal in the lower 48 states, continues to reside in the park.[32] An estimated 800 black bears are believed to exist parkwide. The black bear is less aggressive than the grizzly and a recent study using DNA to identify hair samples indicated that there are about six times as many black bears as there are grizzlies.[33] Other large mammals such as the mountain goat (the official park symbol), bighorn sheep, moose, elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, coyote, and the rarely seen mountain lion, are either plentiful or common. Unlike in Yellowstone National Park, which commenced a wolf reintroduction program in the 1990s, wolves have existed almost continuously in Glacier. 62 species of mammals in all have been documented including badger, river otter, porcupine, mink, marten, fisher, six species of bats and numerous other smaller mammals.[34]

A total 260 species of birds have been recorded, with raptors such as the bald eagle, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, osprey and several species of hawks residing year round. The harlequin duck is a colorful species of waterfowl found in the lakes and waterways. The great blue heron, tundra swan, Canada goose and American wigeon are species of waterfowl more commonly encountered in the park. Great horned owl, Clark’s nutcracker, Steller’s jay, pileated woodpecker and cedar waxwing reside in the dense forests along the mountainsides, and in the higher altitudes, the ptarmigan, timberline sparrow and rosy finch are the most likely to be seen. The Clark’s nutcracker is less plentiful than in past years due to the reduction in the number of whitebark pines.[35]

Because of the colder climate, ectothermic reptiles are all but absent, with two species of garter snakes and the western painted turtle being the only three reptile species proven to exist. Similarly, only six species of amphibians are documented, although those species exist in large numbers. After a forest fire in 2001, a few park roads were temporarily closed the following year to allow thousands of Western toads to migrate to other areas.[36]

Glacier is also home to the endangered bull trout which is illegal to possess and must be returned to the water if caught inadvertently.[37] A total of 23 species of fish reside in park waters and native game fish species found in the lakes and streams include the cutthroat trout, northern pike, mountain whitefish, Kokanee salmon and grayling. Introduction in previous decades of Lake trout and other non-native fish species have greatly impacted some native fish populations, especially the bull trout and west slope cutthroat trout.

Forest fires were viewed for many decades as a threat to protected areas such as forests and parks. As a better understanding of fire ecology developed after the 1960s, forest fires were understood to be a natural part of the ecosystem. The earlier policies of suppression resulted in the accumulation of dead and decaying trees and plants which would normally have been reduced had fires been allowed to burn. Many species of plants and animals actually need wildfires to help replenish the soil with nutrients and to open up areas that allow grasses and smaller plants to thrive.[38] Glacier National Park has a fire management plan which ensures that human caused fires are generally suppressed as they always have been. In the case of natural fires, the fire is monitored and suppression is dependent on the size and threat a fire may pose to human safety and structures. Major fires that require the assistance of other resources are coordinated through the National Interagency Fire Center.

Increased population and the growth of suburban areas near parklands, has led to the development of what is known as Wildland Urban Interface Fire Management, in which the park cooperates with adjacent property owners in improving safety and fire awareness. This approach is common to many other protected areas. As part of this program, houses and structures near the park are designed to be more fire resistant. Dead and fallen trees are removed from near places of human habitation, reducing the available fuel load and the risk of a catastrophic fire, and advance warning systems are developed to help alert property owners and visitors about forest fire potentials during a given period of the year.[39] In 2003, 136,000 acres (550 km²) burned in the park after a five year drought and a summer season of almost no precipitation. This was the most area transformed by fire since the creation of the park in 1910.

Glacier is distant from major cities, and the closest airport is at Kalispell, Montana, southwest of the park. Amtrak trains stop at East and West Glacier. A fleet of restored 1930s White Motor Company coaches, called Reds, offer tours on all the main roads in the park. The drivers of the buses are called "Jammers," due to the gear-jamming that formerly occurred during the vehicles’ operation. The tour buses were rebuilt in 2001 to run on propane, to lessen their environmental impact.[40]

A number of historic wooden tour boats, some dating back to the 1920s, operate on several of the larger lakes.

Hiking is a popular activity in the park. Over half of the visitors to the park report taking a hike on the park’s nearly 700 miles (1,127 km) of trails.[41] 110 miles (177 km) of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail spans most of the distance of the park north to south, with a few alternate routes at lower elevations if high altitude passes are closed due to snow. Due to the presence of bears and other large mammals, dogs are not permitted on any trails in the park, though they are permitted at front country campsites that can accessed by a vehicle, and along paved roads.

Numerous day hiking options are available throughout the park. Backcountry camping is allowed at campsites along the trails. A permit is required, which can be obtained from certain visitor centers or arranged for in advance. Much of Glacier’s backcountry is usually inaccessible to hikers until early June due to accumulated snowpack and potential avalanche risk, and many trails at higher altitudes remain snow packed until July. The major campgrounds that allow vehicle access are found throughout the park, most of which are near one of the larger lakes. The campground at St. Mary and at Apgar are open year round, but conditions are considered primitive in the off-season, as the restroom facilities are closed and there is no running water. All campgrounds with vehicle access are usually open from mid June until mid September.[42] Guide and shuttle services are also available.

Fishing is a popular activity in the park and some of the finest fly fishing in North America can be found in the streams that flow through the park. Though the park requires that those fishing understand the regulations, no permit is required to fish the waters within the park boundary. The endangered bull trout must be released immediately back to the water if caught, otherwise, the regulations on limits of catch per day are liberal.[43]

Winter recreation activities in Glacier are limited. Snowmobiling is illegal in the park, but cross-country skiing is permitted in the lower altitude valleys on the east and western sides of the park.

From: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)

43212 Salmon-Challis National Forest Sign

Image by SeattleRay
On the right side of Montana Highway 43 at the Montana-Idaho border.

The Salmon-Challis National Forest covers over 4.3 million acres in east-central Idaho. Included within the boundaries of the Forest is 1.3 million acres of the Frank Church– River of No Return Wilderness Area, the largest wilderness area in the Continental United States.

Rugged and remote, this country offers adventure, solitude and breathtaking scenery. The Forest also contains Borah Peak, Idaho’s tallest peak, the Wild & Scenic Salmon River and the Middle Fork of the Salmon River. The area is a highly desired destination for hunting, fishing, white-water rafting and many other popular recreational pursuits.

Click here to read more about the Salmon-Challis National Forest.

Montana River Maps & Fishing Guide

Fishing In Montana – click on the image below for more information.

Fishing In Montana

Features the best 30 Montana rivers. Included for each river are the best seasons, species, available illustrated fishing methods (both fly and gear), best flies and best gear for individual rivers and species, fly hatches, knots, launches, parks, number of hookups per year, size of runs, parks, services, guides.

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Montana River Maps & Fishing Guide

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Beautiful Skiing In Montana images

admin — Sat, 05 May 2012 22:51:08 +0000

A few nice Skiing In Montana images I found:

Polson, Jul 2010 – 14

Image by Ed Yourdon
After a 1993 summer vacation in Crested Butte and Ouray, (pictures of which are in this Flickr set, I decided that while the scenery was spectacular, Colorado was too crowded and over-run by tourists, visitors, and owners of summer/retirement/ski homes. So I looked elsewhere in the summer of 1994, and was intrigued by a large patch of blue when I looked at a map of Montana. It turned out to be Flathead Lake — the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River — and it provided the inspiration for spending a week in the tiny little town of Polson, on the southern shore of the lake.

Enjoy …

Polson, Jul 2010 – 68

Image by Ed Yourdon
(more details later, as time permits)

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Enjoy …

Polson, Jul 2010 – 25

Image by Ed Yourdon
This is one of roughly a dozen non-HDR shots that I took while enjoying a sunset cruise out into the southern part of Flathead Lake.

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Enjoy …

Frommer’s Montana & Wyoming (Frommer’s Complete Guides)

Skiing In Montana – click on the image below for more information.

Skiing In Montana

America’s #1 bestselling travel series

Written by more than 175 outspoken travelers around the globe, Frommer’s Complete Guides help travelers experience places the way locals do.

More annually updated guides than any other series
16-page color section and foldout map in all annual guides
Outspoken opinions, exact prices, and suggested itineraries
Dozens of detailed maps in an easy-to-read, two-color design

Frommer’s. The best trips start here.

Experience a place the way the locals do. Enjoy the best it has to offer
The best of both states, including everything you need to know to experience Glacier, Grand Teton, and Yellowstone national parks
Outspoken opinions on what’s worth your time and what’s not
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Off-the-beaten-path experiences and undiscovered gems, plus new takes on top attractions

Find great deals and book your trip at Frommers.com

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Frommer’s Montana & Wyoming (Frommer’s Complete Guides)

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Beautiful Hiking In Montana images

admin — Fri, 04 May 2012 22:50:58 +0000

Check out these Hiking In Montana images:

Future “Marine Biologist” Tryston was the star of the show, holding here a gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri. Digital Photo Walk at Montana de Oro’s Hazard Reef Tidepools, led by Jerry Kirkhart, 09 Jan. 2009. 25 people attended

Image by mikebaird
Future "Marine Biologist" Tryston was the star of the show, holding here a gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri. Digital Photo Walk at Montana de Oro’s Hazard Reef Tidepools, led by Jerry Kirkhart, 09 Jan. 2009. 25 people attended this most popular event. Event description says: Bring your SLR Digital Camera and a Macro Lens or a Point and Shoot that has macro capabilities. Beginners Welcome. A Marine Biologist will show techniques of macro photography of tide pool organisms, and the safest places to walk. Wear non-skid shoes so you will BE ABLE TO NAVIGATE IN TIDE POOLS! Meet at the Hazard Reef Parking lot 1.6 miles past the MDO entrance sign using the Pecho Valley Road . See Photomorrobay.com for more info. (S) 1 mi., 1.5 hr. Reminder that on Friday, Jan 9th, there will be a -1.61 low tide DPW walk for anyone interested in macrophotography of intertidal organisms. The walk will start from the Hazard Reef parking lot at 2:15PM (notice slight time change from original posting), in order to give time to work the tide out and photograph all intertidal life possible. The tide and we will not wait for late comers, sorry. Instruction will be given by a marine biologist on how to use your macro lens and to photograph and ID marine organisms. Instruction will also be given on where the safest place is to step and what algae to not step on too, for best safety. Any camera with macro capabilities can be used. We should see Chaffey Limpets, Gum Boot Chitons, some nudibranchs, hopefully Octopi, and many others. Wear warm clothes in layers. Park about 1.6 miles from the MDO entrance sign in the Hazard Reef Parking lot, and we will hike to the ocean. Please call Jerry Kirkhart (805) 534-9198 or email if there are questions. Mike Baird will also be available for camera questions, plus other local photographers for suggestions on camera settings and flash use too. Beginners are welcome.

Sherri – After Our 8-Mile Hike up to Sperry Glacier

Image by Lee Coursey
Taken on our trip to Glacier National Park, Montana, in 2009.

girls hiking on Hidden Lake Trail in Glacier NP

Image by thomas pix

Beautiful Hiking In Montana images

admin — Wed, 02 May 2012 22:51:15 +0000

A few nice Hiking In Montana images I found:

Anita Ritenour (foreground) is our most enthusiastic participant, shows others here how to get down lower! Digital Photo Walk at Montana de Oro’s Hazard Reef Tidepools, led by Jerry Kirkhart, 09 Jan. 2009. 25 people attended

Image by mikebaird
Anita Ritenour (foreground) is our most enthusiastic participant, shows others here how to get down lower! ("2-N Annita" is in the background). Digital Photo Walk at Montana de Oro’s Hazard Reef Tidepools, led by Jerry Kirkhart, 09 Jan. 2009. 25 people attended this most popular event. Event description says: Bring your SLR Digital Camera and a Macro Lens or a Point and Shoot that has macro capabilities. Beginners Welcome. A Marine Biologist will show techniques of macro photography of tide pool organisms, and the safest places to walk. Wear non-skid shoes so you will BE ABLE TO NAVIGATE IN TIDE POOLS! Meet at the Hazard Reef Parking lot 1.6 miles past the MDO entrance sign using the Pecho Valley Road . See Photomorrobay.com for more info. (S) 1 mi., 1.5 hr. Reminder that on Friday, Jan 9th, there will be a -1.61 low tide DPW walk for anyone interested in macrophotography of intertidal organisms. The walk will start from the Hazard Reef parking lot at 2:15PM (notice slight time change from original posting), in order to give time to work the tide out and photograph all intertidal life possible. The tide and we will not wait for late comers, sorry. Instruction will be given by a marine biologist on how to use your macro lens and to photograph and ID marine organisms. Instruction will also be given on where the safest place is to step and what algae to not step on too, for best safety. Any camera with macro capabilities can be used. We should see Chaffey Limpets, Gum Boot Chitons, some nudibranchs, hopefully Octopi, and many others. Wear warm clothes in layers. Park about 1.6 miles from the MDO entrance sign in the Hazard Reef Parking lot, and we will hike to the ocean. Please call Jerry Kirkhart (805) 534-9198 or email if there are questions. Mike Baird will also be available for camera questions, plus other local photographers for suggestions on camera settings and flash use too. Beginners are welcome.

Digital 100 Example: Get down low and close to your subject and don’t be afraid to get wet or muddy. Wear knee pads and elbow guards if necessary, Use the ground as a tripod. Even dig a little hole (refill after use) for the camera body if possible to get even lower and a more steady shot.

Deer and big horn sheep seen in the hills during our hike

Image by patrick_h

Inverted (Negative) of Dandelion puff ball (close crop) found on the 09 April 2009 Coon Creek Hike

Image by mikebaird
Inverted (Negative) manipulation of www.flickr.com/photos/mikebaird/3427951988/ Dandelion puff ball (close crop) found on the 09 April 2009 Coon Creek Hike in Montana de Oro. Perhaps taken down by a pack of Coyotes or a Mountain Lion Snapshot by Michael "Mike" L. Baird, mike at mikebaird d o t com, flickr.bairdphotos.com, Nikon P6000 with built-in GPS measurement, handheld.
re: "How do make a negative from a positive"; I simply used Photoshop – All I did was select Image > Adjustments > Invert. I’m sure one could tweak the colors and such – took 2 seconds.

Day Hikes in the Beartooth Mountains, Montana, 3rd

Hiking In Montana – click on the image below for more information.

Hiking In Montana

Day Hikes In the Beartooth Mountains, Montana provides easy access to 58 of the best day hikes in this beautiful mountain range bordering Yellowstone National Park. These hikes are found around Red Lodge, Montana, an active resort and ski town, and along the Beartooth Highway that connects Red Lodge to Yellowstone Park. The trails lie in the drainages, canyons and across the plateaus of this mountain range. Many are accessible from the Beartooth Highway, a beautiful mountain pass heralded as “the most scenic highway in America” by Charles Kuralt. The hiker will be taken to waterfalls, cascading rivers, canyons, high-mountain lakes, alpine tundra, glaciers, panoramic views, and outstanding scenery. The hikes range from easy to moderately strenuous. All can be hiked within the day. Each hike includes a map, a summary of its highlights, and concise driving and hiking directions. There is also an overall map of the 58 hikes and the major access roads. This comprehensive guide covers nearly every hiking trail in the area.

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Day Hikes in the Beartooth Mountains, Montana, 3rd

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Nice Fishing In Montana photos

admin — Thu, 26 Apr 2012 22:50:52 +0000

Some cool Fishing In Montana images:

Fly Fishing in Yellowstone

Image by IM_RON

Flower

Image by Benjamin 1970
Beautiful yellow colored flower in Montana.

flower

Image by Benjamin 1970
Flower near the river in Montana

Nice Fishing In Montana photos

admin — Wed, 25 Apr 2012 22:50:55 +0000

Check out these Fishing In Montana images:

Painting a Bird House

Image by USFWS Mountain Prairie
A girl scout paints a bird house at Creston National Fish Hatchery in Montana as part of her efforts to earn a wildlife badge.

Credit: USFWS

Find a hatchery near you at: www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/co.html

Rainbow Trout

Image by CircumerroStock
Rainbow Trout caught while fly fishing on the Red Rock River in Montana. Shot by Latham Jenkins/Circumerro Stock

Rainbow Trout

Image by CircumerroStock
Rainbow Trout caught while fly fishing on the Red Rock River in Montana Shot by Latham Jenkins/Circumerro Stock

Fishing Montana: Formerly the Angler’s Guide to Montana

Fishing In Montana – click on the image below for more information.

Fishing In Montana

Montana is the destination of choice for hundreds of thousands of anglers each year. No wonder. The Big Sky State and neighboring Yellowstone National Park are an angler’s paradise. Lunker trout and other fighting gamefish are waiting in nationally famous rivers like the Madison, Bighorn, Yellowstone, Missouri, and Big Hole, and in superb lakes and reservoirs such as Hegben, Clark Canyon, Flathead, Fort Peck, and Canyon Ferry. Plus, for the adventuresome angler who likes to seek out more remote or unknown waters, Montana has a multitude of great getaway spots including the extraordinarily beautiful Glacier National Park and the Bob Marshall and Absaroka-Beartooth wilderness areas. This handy guidebook goes well beyond the scope of most. In addition to general information about fish distribution and access, Fishing Montana, formerly The Angler’s Guide to Montana, points out the special characteristics that makes each river or lake unique. It gives specific, sometimes provocative tips from the pros on what flies, lures, and baits to use and which fishing techniques work best and where. Many maps and photos accompany the text. Anglers of all abilities will find this an enjoyable and useful reference for years to come.

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Fishing Montana: Formerly the Angler’s Guide to Montana

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